02 April 2025, Volume 46 Issue 4

    

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  Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Power Generation System With Sandwich Structure

  GAO Yuanzhi, ZHANG Xiaosong

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1027-1033.

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  The photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid power generation system is a promising solar energy technology. However, traditional series-connected photovoltaic-thermoelectric system faces challenges such as mismatched device operating temperature and high thermal resistance. In this study, a bifacial type photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid power generation system with a sandwichlike configuration is proposed. An experimental setup is constructed to investigate the effects of different irradiance levels and cooling water flow rates on the performance of the new system under steady-state indoor conditions. Experimental data shows that the output power of photovoltaic module and thermoelectric device in bifacial type system is superior to that of traditional series system. Moreover, increasing irradiance levels can enhance the system’s power generation capacity but may reduce the photovoltaic power generation efficiency. Additionally, increasing the cooling water flow rate can further enhance the system’s output performance.
  
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  Study on the Characteristics of a Carnot Battery Based on a Packed Bed Latent Heat Storage

  HUANG Zhengjie, LUO Xianglong, LIANG Yingzong, CHEN Jianyong, YANG Zhi, HE Jiacheng, CHEN Ying

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1034-1040.

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  Carnot battery is an emerging energy storage technology characterized by low cost and independence from geographical constraints. The use of latent heat thermal energy storage in Carnot battery results in high energy density, offering broad application prospects. This paper constructs a Carnot battery system based on a packed bed latent heat storage and establishes its dynamic model. The analysis includes the impact of heat transfer fluid flow rate and organic working fluid mass flow rate on system performance. A functional relationship for the mass flow rates of the heat transfer fluid and organic working fluid has been established at a design power of 1000 kW. Subsequently, using the NSGA-II algorithm for multi-objective optimization with roundtrip efficiency and energy density as optimization objectives. After balancing using the LINMAP method, the roundtrip efficiency and energy density obtained were 62.74% and 12.96 kWh/m³.
  
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  Influences of Hydrophilic and Superhydrophobic Properties on Frosting on Cryogenic Cold Surface

  WANG Zhenqiang, LI Yanxia, LIU Zhongliang, LI Yi, YU Fengjiao

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1041-1047.

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  The initial frosting phenomenon is a spatially discontinuous phase transformation and nucleation process. The cold surface temperature and characteristics have a direct and significant impact on the frosting phenomenon. It has been shown that the effect of a superhydrophobic surface on frost formation on a cryogenic cold surface is much less obvious than that on a general cold surface. To understand the influences of surface characteristics on frost formation at −190∼ −30°C, the growth and morphological characteristics of frost crystals on hydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces at the initial stage of frost formation are experimentally studied. Four frost formation patterns are observed: cold surface condensation frosting, air boundary layer condensation frosting, cold surface sublimation frosting, and air boundary layer sublimation frosting. The four frost formation modes appear independently or co-exist on cold surfaces of different temperatures, and have important effects on the morphology of frost crystals. The cold surface properties (contact angles) have a significant effect on frost formation patterns within a specific range. The cold surface condensation frosting mode is only observed on hydrophilic surfaces at −30°C. The liquid air is only observed on superhydrophobic surfaces at −190°C. The initial frost crystal morphology changes with the cold surface temperature, frost formation mode, and surface properties, and it can be roughly divided into four forms: hexagonal, pine needle, cluster, and flocculant.
  
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  Performance Study on a Two-stage and Dual-temperature Ejector Auto-cascade Refrigeration Cycle

  YE Kai, LIANG Youcai, YE Tuo

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1048-1055.

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  Based on the basic two-stage and dual-temperature ejector refrigeration cycle (BTERC), a two-stage and dual-temperature ejector auto-cascade refrigeration cycle (TEARC) driven by two heat sources is proposed by introducing a gas-liquid separator and an evaporative condenser. The thermodynamic performance of the BTERC and TEARC is investigated by adopting a onedimensional constant-pressure mixing model of the ejector and thermodynamic modeling of the cycle. The results show that the specific enthalpy of refrigerant at the low-temperature (LT) evaporator and medium-temperature (MT) evaporator inlet is decreased via the evaporative condenser and separator of the TEARC, respectively, leading to a higher COP and cooling capacity. Under the basic operating condition, the TEARC shows improvements of 9.06%, 24.11% and 7.51% in COP, cooling capacity of the LT evaporator, and cooling capacity of the MT evaporator than those of the BTERC, respectively.
  
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  Wind Power Modeling and Prediction Based on Gaussian Mixture Density Networks

  ZHANG Yaocong, LIU Shujun, DU Xiaoze, WU Jiangbo

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1056-1066.

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  Wind power exhibits significant fluctuations, and accurate wind power prediction can provide a guarantee for operation and maintenance scheduling. Common time series models are only suitable for ultra-short-term forecasting. By modeling the power conversion characteristics of wind turbines using neural networks, it is possible to perform day-ahead predictions based on wind speed forecasts. This data-driven approach can improve the deviations caused by terrain, wake effects, and other factors in theoretical power calculation methods. Neural networks provide a more accurate description of the actual operating characteristics of wind turbines. Furthermore, a Gaussian Mixture Density Network (GMDN) is established to assess power uncertainty. The model automatically learns distribution parameters through training, resulting in a non-prior multivariate distribution that better reflects the inherent structure of the data.
  
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  Research on Similarity and Non-equilibrium Characteristics of Momentum Exchange in Adjustable and Stationary Ejectors

  YANG Yong, WANG Ning, HAN Peishi, REN Xiaotong, LI Yiqiao, ZHANG Kun, SHEN Shengqiang

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1067-1077.

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  Based on aerodynamic method, a performance calculation model for variable operating conditions of ejector is constructed, combined with analytical model for flow and pressure characteristics and evaluation model for momentum exchange, the momentum exchanging, mixing and pressure lifting characteristics inside adjustable and stationary ejectors are compared with varying pressure, temperature, velocity and flow rate. The critical characteristics, similarity features and scale effects are researched. The research results show that, in critical mode of ejector, the third critical mode always achieves combined with the first or second critical mode. The pressure difference between inlet and outlet of mixing chamber gradually decreases with increasing of primary flow rate, meanwhile the outlet velocity of mixing chamber increases accordingly, and shock wave boosting ability in discharging chamber is significantly improved, but energy dissipation increases with momentum efficiency of mixing chamber decreases accordingly. The operating characteristics of ejector have significant scale dependent features. Under design conditions, the entrainment ratio, momentum exchange coefficient and momentum exchange efficiency all achieve optimal values. When departuring from the optimal structure, momentum exchange coefficient significantly decreases. The increasing in import superheat has certain promoting effect on momentum exchange at finite boundary layer scale.
  
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  Nonaxisymmetric Casing Treatment for Stall Margin Improvement in an Axial Flow Compressor With Circumferential Distortion

  ZHAO Pan, LI Yihan, ZHANG Min, BA Dun, XU Xiaobin, DU Juan

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1078-1088.

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  An experiment involving non-axisymmetric casing treatment (NACT) on a low-speed single-rotor axial compressor exposed to total pressure distortion inflow over 30° annular regions was conducted in this paper. Experimental findings indicate a 5.83% decrease in stall margin. At the near-stall point, the self-excited unsteadiness of tip leakage flow gradually intensifies after the rotor rotates into the distortion sector, peaking at the region’s center where the first spike disturbance occurs. The author tested various circumferential locations of NACT on stall margin improvement (SMI). With the position variation in angle, SMI initially decreases, then increases, and finally exhibits a slight decrease. The maximum SMI is 5.94% when NACT widely covers the exit of the distortion region. This study demonstrates that NACT effectively suppresses the initial disturbance with low energy over time, preventing it from evolving into uncontrollable large-scale stall cells. Additionally, the stall inception occupy 7∼8 passages with the application of NACT and full annular casing treatment, aiding in providing insights for stall warning.
  
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  Analysis of Compressor Blade Transient Forced Response Due to Strut Potential Interference

  LUO Chuwei, CHEN Jiang, XIANG Hang

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1089-1097.

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  The research focuses on the back 1.5 stage and the transition section equipped with struts of a multistage low-pressure compressor. The transient forced response of rotor blade in the final stage due to potential interference from the downstream strut was investigated using a one-way fluid-structure coupling method. Detailed analysis was conducted on the impact of strut potential disturbances on the unsteady flow field and flow loss of the upstream blade row. The results show that the strut has a significant blocking effect on the flow field at the stator outlet, which can aggravate or inhibit the flow separation of stator, and the effect decreases with the increase of the circumferential distance. Potential interference from the downstream strut introduces significant unsteady disturbances to the final rotor blades. Resonance occurs when the disturbance frequency closely matches the natural frequency of the blade. The stator blades located between the rotor and the strut significantly amplify the potential disturbances caused by the strut.
  
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  Aerodynamic Performance Study of High Aspect Ratio Turbine Blades With Bending-Twisting-Swept Composite Configurations

  QI Qiangang, WANG Naian, CAO Peiyu, HUANG Diangui

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1098-1109.

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  To meet the design requirements of high-flow and high-load gas turbines, the aerodynamic parameters and blade profiles undergo significant radial variations, accompanied by an increase in the aspect ratio. This study focuses on the last-stage high aspect ratio blades of a 300 MW F-class heavy-duty gas turbine. Utilizing an orthogonal optimization approach, the research investigates the effects of three composite configuration (bending-twisting, bending-sweeping, and twisting-sweeping) on the aerodynamic performance through numerical simulations. The research findings indicate that, following bending-twisting composite optimization of the stator, the total-to-static efficiency of the turbine improves by 0.3%. The optimal setting angles at the mid and top sections of the stationary blades increase, and the hub exhibits a noticeable positive bending form. This configuration facilitates the migration of low-energy fluid from the root to the mid-section, weakening the secondary flow intensity within the blade passage. After twisting-sweeping composite optimization of the stator, the total-to-static efficiency of the turbine increases by 0.49%. The radial distribution of the reaction degree is more uniform compared to blades optimized solely for twisting. However, the turbine’s mass flow capacity and loading capability experience a significant decrease. In comparison to bending-twisting and twisting-sweeping composite optimizations, the impact of bending-sweeping composite optimization on the aerodynamic performance of the turbine is relatively weaker. The research outcomes provide guidance for the design of high aspect ratio turbine blades. 
  
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  Study on Flow Field Characteristics Near Stall Condition of SCO₂ Centrifugal Compressor

  ZHANG Lei, ZHENG Quanze, LANG Jinhua, AN Guangyao

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1110-1119.

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  To investigate the flow field characteristics near stall conditions of the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO₂) centrifugal compressor, three-dimensional numerical simulations of the Sandia National Laboratory(SNL) model were conducted using CFX software. The results indicate that the influence of ”size effect” leads to a relatively large blade tip clearance, resulting in enhanced leakage at the blade tip and the formation of a large area of low-speed region. The high adverse pressure gradient in the lower part of the passage causes separation of low-energy fluid on the suction side of the main blade, initiating the formation of a reverse flow zone. This reverse flow zone extends to the upstream blade tip and combines with the reverse flow zone at the blade tip, resulting in blockage at the inlet of the impeller and affecting the normal flow capacity of the compressor. Interaction between the reverse flow zone on the suction side of the blade and the mainstream forms vortices that develop downstream to low span, along with pressure side branches of horseshoe vortex in adjacent passages, boundary layer separation at the downstream hub, and the presence of reverse flow zones. These collectively create low-speed and reverse flow zones within the passage, ultimately leading to stall. During the operation of SCO₂ centrifugal compressor, condensation occurs at the leading and tailing edges of its blades. This is mainly attributed to significant flow losses at the leading and trailing edges of the blades, causing the temperature and pressure of CO₂ to drop below the critical point, resulting in condensation. As the flow rate decreases, the losses at the leading and trailing edges of the blades decrease, leading to a gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the condensation phenomenon.
  
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  Effect of Aerodynamic Load on the Flow Loss of Low-Flow Rate Counter-Rotating Fan Blades

  JIA Xingyu, ZHANG Xi, XU Hongyu, SHI Bing, GAO Miaomiao

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1120-1130.

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  The flow loss mechanism in the blade channel of a counter-rotating fan is more complex than a conventional fan since there are no guide vanes between its front and rear rotors leading to a more intense periodic interaction. Previous research results show that the radial aerodynamic load distribution of the blade is a key factor influencing the generation of flow loss. A series of blades were established to investigate the effects of radial aerodynamic load distribution on flow loss in the blade passages by adjusting the radial aerodynamic load coefficient and axial spacing coefficient of a counter-rotating fan with a low flow rate. The steady-state performances of the fan were calculated by a numerical technique, in which the SST k-ω turbulence model was used to close the Reynoldsaveraged Navier–Stokes equations, and the effectiveness of the design method was verified. A test rig coupled with a throttle device was built, and aerodynamic performance tests were carried out to confirm the feasibility of the numerical technique. The effects of twelve radial aerodynamic load coefficients and six axial spacing coefficients on the total pressure rise and relative total pressure loss for the front and rear stages were studied under the design conditions, respectively. Their effects on the total pressure efficiency of the entire stage were analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that taking the entire stage as the research object, the axial space coefficient with higher total pressure efficiency is x = 0.8, and the radial aerodynamic load coefficient is a = 0.4 ∼ 0.5. The area with higher aerodynamic loss was located by entropy contours. By comparing the flow structures under different attack angles of the corresponding blades’ leading edge, it can be concluded that increasing the aerodynamic load around the top of the front stage rotor but reducing that at the top of the rear stage rotor can effectively shrink the range of low-energy flow around the blade tip. Therefore, it reduces flow losses and expands the stall margin and high-efficiency operation range of this low-flow rate counter-rotating fan.
  
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  Optimized Design Method of a Centrifugal Compressor and Parameters Sensitivity Analysis

  ZHANG Chenqing, XI Guang, JI Cheng, ZHANG Xiaotian, WANG Zhiheng

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1131-1139.

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  The optimization of centrifugal compressors steps into data-driven pattern with the introduction of the surrogate model, while the optimization is still based on the quasi-three design method. However, the input parameters completely rely on experience of designer. It is necessary for centrifugal impeller design to establish data-driven optimized design method. Based on the quasithree design method, adopted all-over-controlled vortex method and combined k-fold cross validation method, the swirl distribution provided by the designer is optimized in full operation range. The numerical results indicate that the efficiency at design condition increases by 0.61%. Finally, the parameters sensitivity is analyzed by Sobol global sensitivity analysis method. The results show that the efficiency at design condition is more sensitive to the leading edge loading, while the trailing edge loading has more effects on the stall margin. This research is driven by data, and has a certain reference value to the design of a large flow coefficient centrifugal compressor. 
  
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  Research on Parametric Design and Stability Checking Method of Floating Wind Turbine Platform

  PAN Qiyun, WANG Xiaodong, LI Xiaohui, LANG Haibo, YAO Jiagui

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1140-1151.

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  With the development of offshore wind power towards the far-reaching sea, floating wind turbines have been widely valued by virtue of their obvious cost advantages. Floating platform is the support component of floating wind turbine, its cost accounts for about 1/3 of the total cost, the optimal design of floating platform is of great significance to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of floating wind turbine. The floating platform presents complex multi-degree-of-freedom motion under the interaction of wavestructure, and the stability and dynamic response characteristics are important design considerations. In this paper, the main parametric design method of semi-submersible floating platform is studied, and the parametric model of semi-submersible floating platform is established. In above method, the main size of the semi-submersible platform is preliminarily determined by using the static equilibrium and the design specification of the offshore floating platform, and the stability check algorithm program is independently designed and developed. The stability check of the designed platform is carried out by using the program, and the influencing factors of the stability of the platform are studied in the design stage.
  
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  Research on Condition Monitoring for Wind Turbine Based on Convolutional Siamese Network

  YANG Wanqian, ZHANG Mingming

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1152-1161.

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  The operation faults of wind turbines are sudden and there is almost no reserved time for people to respond. In turn, some minor defects will cause a series of chain faults and unnecessary losses. Therefore, monitoring the conditions and predicting the conditions in advance are necessary. In this article, based on convolutional siamese networks, SCADA data of wind turbines are combined for model training-based condition monitoring. Historical healthy data is used for offline model training, and the pre trained models are loaded into the online monitoring system after testing. Status-indication is defined to describe the operating conditions of the wind turbine. The monitoring threshold of abnormal wind turbines is proposed according to statistical process control during online monitoring. With the analysis and comparison of SCADA data and fault reports of a wind farm in Gansu Province, the method proposed in this paper is in good performance in monitoring and predicting wind turbine conditions.
  
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  Research on Aerodynamic Optimization Design for a Strut Passage of Inter-turbine-duct Under Stage Flow Conditions

  ZHANG Zhenjiu, LIU Mingjun, LIANG Zhuoming, CHEN Huanlong, Wang Bing, XIAO Haibing, YANG Xianqing

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1162-1172.

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  To the problem of boundary layer flow separation which is induced by high reverse pressure gradient in the inter-turbine-duct, an aerodynamic optimization design method for the strut is proposed and carried out in this paper. The research results indicated that the aerodynamic performance and boundary layer flow of the inter-turbine-duct are significantly affected by the flow in passage outlet of the high-pressure turbine, and the aerodynamic optimization design technology considering the flow conditions from upstream and downstream of the strut is an effective way to solve this problem. Under coupled turbine stage flow conditions, the scale and intensity of boundary layer flow separation are skillfully weaken by optimized strut in the inter-turbine-duct. It is not only the adiabatic efficiency of the turbine system is increased by 3.13%, 1%, and 0.12%, respectively, but also the aerodynamic performance of the turbine system is excellent in the off-design condition. 
  
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  Numerical Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Liquid Metal Jet

  LIU Ruitao, ZHANG Hongna, LI Xiaobin, LI Fengchen

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1173-1180.

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  Heat dissipation with high heat flux has always attracted much attention. In this paper, a heat dissipation scheme of liquid metal jet impinging cooling is proposed in order to achieve efficient heat dissipation on the surface with high heat flux density. Using Ga₆₈ln₂₀Sn₁₂ and Na₂₂K₇₈ as working fluids, the numerical simulation of impinging heat transfer of liquid metal jet was carried out, and compared with water jet. In addition, the firing distance and inlet velocity were changed to explore their effects on the heat transfer performance of liquid metal jet. The results show that under the same working conditions, the average heat transfer coefficient of Na₂₂K₇₈ jet and Ga₆₈ln₂₀Sn₁₂ jet is 3.7 and 6 times higher than that of water jet, respectively. And the heat transfer performance is the best when the firing distance is less than 2 times the jet aperture. Changing the firing distance in the jet core area has little effect on the heat transfer performance. While continuously increasing the firing distance beyond the core area will not be conducive to heat transfer. The inlet flow rate has a significant effect on the heat transfer performance. So increasing the flow rate can enhance the heat transfer, but the enhancement effect will gradually weaken. The research results of this paper are of reference value for the study of heat dissipation with high heat flux.
  
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  Study on Energy Spectrum of Air-Oil Two-Phase Flow Patterns in Pipeline-Riser

  LI Nailiang, ZHANG Yifan, DU Xueping, PENG Xurui

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1181-1187.

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  In this work, the interphase interaction mechanism of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns was experimentally studied in a small gathering and transportation loop using air and oil as working fluids. Bubble flow, slug flow, annular flow, and severe slugging flow was observed and liquid holdup corresponding to each flow pattern was obtained. Based on the multi-resolution analysis method, the time series of the liquid holdup signal was decomposed into 8, 12 and 16 scales using the db4 wavelet, and the dimensionless energy of the detailed components of the liquid holdup signal for each flow pattern was calculated, with a purpose to reveal the multi-scale energy distribution mechanism of the flow pattern. It was found that the energy distribution of bubbly flow exhibits a bimodal structure, while the energy distribution of annular flow, slug flow, and severe slugging flow show a unimodal structure. The energy of bubbly flow is mainly reflected in the shear between liquid bulks and discrete bubbles, as well as the interface effects such as collision, and break up of gas bubbles. The scale corresponding to the main peak of energy distribution curve is relatively constant and does not vary with the maximum decomposition scale.
  
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  The Influence of Supercritical Water Flow Rate on the Hydrogen Production Rate by Gasification of Coal Particles

  HUANG Han, ZHAO Shuaiqi, ZHANG Rui, ZHAO Kunpeng, BAI Bofeng

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1188-1194.

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  The technology of hydrogen production through coal gasification in supercritical water provides a significant technical direction for clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient fossil energy conversion. In this paper, considering the fluid-solid two-phase flow, heat transfer and homogeneous/heterogeneous chemical reaction processes, a numerical simulation method for reactor-scale four-way coupling of multicomponent supercritical fluid turbulence and reactive particle has been established. The influence of supercritical water flow rate on the hydrogen production rate of coal particles in the reactor is investigated. The study clarifies the role of natural convective vortices in the reactor in promoting the fluid-solid reaction. It is found that the flow direction of convective vortices is reversed as the reaction proceeds. It is clarified that the hydrogen production rate at the reactor outlet increased with the increase of the supercritical water flow rate, and the optimal interval of the ratio of the supercritical water flow rate to the coal slurry feed flow rate was given. 
  
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  Measurement of Influencing Factors of Gas-Liquid Two-phase Flow in Capillaries: A Case Study of Gaseous Nitrite Monitoring

  XIA Wenxiao, HOU Yanping, ZHU Wenfei, LOU Shengrong, CHEN Jun

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1195-1199.

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  A distinctive feature of two-phase flow is that the flow is strongly fluctuating and random, this makes accurate measurement of instruments becomes increasingly difficult in two-phase flow operations. Bubbles are an important topic in the study of multiphase flow. Research has shown that the presence of bubbles causes significant disturbances within the gas-liquid fluid flowing in capillaries. This study independently built a device based on capillary waveguide absorption spectrometry that can accurately measure gaseous nitrite, the liquid-core waveguide capillary tube (LWCC) is the most sensitive component of the whole device, once bubbles are generated in the channel, the transmittance of LWCC will seriously decrease, which will seriously affect the progress of the experiment. This work shows bubbles found in the LWCC are formed in two ways, getting into the LWCC along with the measured liquid or forming in the LWCC, enter the LWCC in the form of a gas along with the measured liquid. The pressure inside LWCC is lower than atmospheric pressure, and as the pump is pumped, the gas dissolved in the liquid will be released to produce bubbles. It is found that the bubble has a great influence on the light transmittance of LWCC, which affects the validity of the measurement results, and the improvement of the defoaming device makes the light change through LWCC smaller, so as to achieve the effect of optimizing the device.
  
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  Occurrence and Flow Characteristics of Methane in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Nanopores of Deep Shale

  WANG Rui, SUN Chengzhen, YANG Xu

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1200-1204.

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  The understanding of gas transport in deep shale nanopores is still not clear. In this study, molecular simulations of methane occurrence and flow in illite slits of deep shales under the condition of high-temperature and high-pressure was carried out. The occurrence, diffusion and flow characteristics of methane molecules were analyzed. The effects of temperature and pressure on methane occurrence and flow were elucidated. The results show that the distribution of methane density in illite slits is nonuniform, and there are density peaks near the wall. Compared with Middle and Shallow shales, more methane molecules can exist in the pores of deep shale, and the diffusion ability is limited. The methane flow flux decreases with the decrease of pressure (5∼80 MPa) and increases with the decrease of temperature (60∼120°C). Pressure is the main dominating factor of flow flux, and the flow flux decreases gradually during depressurization.
  
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  Research Progress of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Technology Based on 3ω Method

  LI Yizhuang, GUO Huaixin, WANG Ruize, KONG Yuechan, CHEN Tangsheng

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1205-1219.

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  Thermal conductivity is an important parameter reflecting the thermal properties of materials, whether it is used for heat dissipation or insulation. It is of great significance to accurately measure the thermal conductivity of materials. This paper reviews a thermal conductivity measuring method with strong adaptability, convenient testing, simple sample preparation, and low-cost— the 3ω method. Firstly, the basic principle of 3ω method was introduced. Then the analytical solutions for temperature of heat conduction mathematical models under different sample structures are provided, including semi-infinite substrates, thin film systems, multi-layer structures, and fine rod or filament-like sample. Various improved 3ω methods are introduced, including the anisotropy of thin film thermal conductivity, differential 3ω method that can reduce the influence of irrelevant factors, and the method of fitting thermal conductivity using impedance models through thermal penetration depth equivalence. At the same time, the application of 3ω in sensors are introduced. Finally, the possible errors in the experiment process and the methods to improve the accuracy are analyzed. This paper will help researchers to study the thermal conductivity measurement and provide guidance for the design and analysis of 3ω method.
  
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  Study on the Thermal-hydraulic Performance of Compressed Air Flowing in Gas Turbine Intercooler

  ZHANG Kai, CHENG Keyong, HUAI Xiulan, CHEN Junlin

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1220-1228.

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  Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger(PCHE) has the advantages of high efficiency and compactness, which can be applied to intercoolers in gas turbines. In this paper, the numerical simulation method is used to study the thermal-hydraulic performance of compressed air flowing in different heat exchange channels. The results show that the heat transfer performance and pressure loss of different channels both increase with the increase of the system inlet mass flow rate. In addition, the flow heat transfer performance of five different heat transfer channels is compared. Compared with the straight channel, the zigzag channel, symmetrical airfoil channel, asymmetrical airfoil channel, and diamond channel significantly improve the heat transfer performance and increase the pressure loss. The field synergy principle is also used to analyze the enhanced heat transfer mechanism of different channels. Finally, the thermal-hydraulic performance of the five channels is comprehensively analyzed, indicating that the asymmetrical airfoil channel has the best comprehensive performance.
  
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  Analysis of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Trough Solar Collector Tube

  WU Yuting, DONG Xiaoming, ZHANG Cancan

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1229-1243.

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  Trough solar collector is one of the key components of trough solar collector, and it is very important to analyze its heat transfer characteristics. In this paper, the energy conversion of each part of the collector is analyzed, and the one-dimensional steady and dynamic parameter distribution model of the collector tube is established by means of the distributed parameter method. The distribution rules of the temperature of molten salt and each heat exchange surface, the entransy dissipation rate and entropy production rate, entransy dissipation thermal resistance, the heat dissipation and heat exchange in the collector tube were analyzed. When the influence factors such as molten salt inlet temperature, inlet flow rate and insolation radiation amount change step by step, the dynamic response of physical parameters such as molten salt outlet temperature and exuvial dissipation rate, and the influence law of each influence factor. The results show that the entransy dissipation rate and entropy production rate show the same change trend in the research range of this paper, and the changes of inlet temperature molten salt, inlet flow rate molten salt and solar radiation amount have significant effects on the entransy dissipation rate and entropy production rate.
  
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  Heat Transfer Study of a Novel Combustor-coupled Thermoacoustic Stirling Generator

  JIN Qingyue, SUN Haojie, LUO Jing, YU Guoyao, MA Ying, HUANG Yun, MA Zhuang, LUO Ercang

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1244-1254.

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  This study introduces a novel gas combustor structure designed specifically for a freepiston Stirling generator (FPSG) and presents a numerical simulation of the heat transfer characteristics of external combustion coupled with internal oscillating flow within the novel combustor-coupled FPSG system, fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The simulation initially focuses on analyzing the flow field, temperature distribution, and heat flux density characteristics within the combustor under its rated operating conditions. Furthermore, the study investigates the effects of fuel flow rate, nozzle structure, and air preheating temperature on the flow dynamics and heat transfer characteristics. The results indicate that, at the rated operating condition with a fuel flow rate of 4.6 L/min and an air-fuel ratio of 29, the high-temperature heat exchanger (HHX) absorbs 3.82 kW of heat, which corresponds to 54.65% of the reaction heat, with comparable contributions from convective and radiative heat transfer. Interestingly, increasing the fuel flow rate and air-fuel ratio initially leads to a rise in the heat accepted, followed by a subsequent reduction. Moreover, the calculations demonstrate that raising the air preheating temperature significantly reduces the heat accepted under specific heat absorption conditions, while the impact of the nozzle structure remains negligible.
  
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  Effect of Electrode Spacing on Arc Channel Evolution and Particle Dispersion

  ZHANG Da, SHI Song, BI Lansen, DING Ruixin, HE Yan

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1255-1260.

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  In this paper, the coupling model of electrode-arc channel-particle cluster heat transfer and particle dispersion is established to investigate the effect of electrode spacing on arc channel evolution and particle dispersion. The results show that there is a linear relationship between arc formation time and electrode spacing. The larger the electrode spacing, the longer the arc formation time. The arc shape and temperature are affected by the electrode spacing. When the electrode spacing is 1 mm, the arc shape is flat. With the increase of electrode spacing, the arc shape gradually changes to cylindrical shape. The axial temperature of the arc center increases with the increase of electrode spacing, while the radial temperature of the particle cluster surface is relatively low and more stable with arc evolution when the electrode spacing is 3 mm. By capturing the particle dispersion trajectory under the action of the arc, it can be seen that the dispersion is more uniform when the electrode spacing is 1 mm. This study has a certain guiding effect on the optimization of arc dispersion process.
  
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  Study on the Effect of Natural Convection of Clearance on Single-point Contact Thermal Resistance

  QIN Jiajia, WANG Anliang

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1261-1269.

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  In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of the heat flow pipe model under the natural convection of the gap medium are simulated, the spreading resistance is calculated by using the general calculation method and the interface thermal resistance network model, and the influence of size, physical properties parameters and boundary conditions on the thermal resistance of singlepoint contact is studied; the influence of three dimensionless factors, namely, radius ratio, heightdiameter ratio, and gas-solid thermal conductivity ratio under convection, is further analyzed. The results show: When there is a gas medium in the gap, the change law of the thermal resistance of the single-point contact with the radius ratio under the action of natural convection is similar to the changing trend under vacuum conditions, but due to the conduction and convection of the gap medium, the single-point contact thermal resistance is less than the vacuum value of the same condition, and the smaller the radius ratio, the more obvious the influence of the medium heat leakage. When the radius ratio is 0.2, the dimensionless spreading resistance value under convection action is reduced by more than 15% compared with that in a vacuum environment. For general engineering conditions, when changing the heat flux density, heat source temperature and cooling temperature, the simulated dimensionless spreading resistance value changes by no more than 3%, which verifies the robustness of the model. Finally, the formula of dimensional spreading resistance affected by three dimensionless factors is obtained by nonlinear fitting, which has application value for practical engineering.
  
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  Experimental Investigation on Flow Patterns of Flow Boiling in Porous Fin Mini-channels Heat Sinks

  GAO Wuhuan, FU Kai, XU Xianghua, LIANG Xingang

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1270-1277.

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  In this paper, the flow pattern of R134a in the mini-channels of different lengths with foam copper fins are investigated experimentally. The flow patterns are identified as the combination of the bubbly flow, the slug flow, the churn flow, the wispy-annular flow and the annular flow. In the long channel test, it is found that the influence of the heat flux on the critical quality between flow patterns is opposite to that in the channel with solid fins, and increasing the flow rate makes it easier to form the pure bubbly flow and the annular flow. In the short channel test, the alternation of flow patterns is more complex, the quality range of the churn flow is larger, and there are more droplets in the center of the annular flow. 
  
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  Multi-stage Enhancement on Flow Boiling in Open Microchannels With Micro/nano Structures

  YIN Liaofei, ZHANG Kexin, YANG Zhonglin, QIN Tianjun, MA Xiaojing

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1278-1287.

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  Open microchannels have advantages such as promoting vapor-liquid separation, stabilizing two-phase flow, and improving heat transfer performance. However, with the increasing demands for thermal management of electronic devices, enhancing the flow boiling heat transfer capacity of open microchannels has become a research focus. In this study, low-surface-tension fluid SF-33 is used as the working fluid to experimentally compare the flow boiling characteristics in smooth surface open microchannels (SSOMC) and multi-stage enhanced open microchannels (MEOMC). High-speed visualization is employed to observe bubble behavior and flow regime transitions in both types of microchannels, analyzing the effect of micro/nano structures on flow boiling heat transfer mechanisms. The results show that under high heat flux, a plug-stratified flow is observed in SSOMC, while a new flow regime, termed plug-dispersed flow, is observed in MEOMC. The multi-stage enhanced structures significantly improve the flow boiling heat transfer performance of open microchannels, with a more pronounced improvement during subcooled flow boiling. Additionally, due to the strong capillary wicking effect of the micro/nano structures, the two-phase pressure drop in MEOMC is consistently lower than that in SSOMC.
  
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  Evaporation Performance of the Solar Evaporator With Composite Heat Storage

  DUAN Huiling, WANG Yiding, FU Xiaoqiang

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1288-1293.

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  In order to make up for the intermittent shortage of solar energy, a kind of solar evaporator with heat storage unit is prepared in this paper. The composite phase change material is composed of paraffin and metal foam. The heat transfer and evaporation of evaporator with composite heat storage unit in light and dark are studied in depth. The presence of heat storage unit has improved the evaporation performance in dark by 63.83%. The phase change time of the composite phase change material is reduced by more than 50%, and the internal temperature distribution is more uniform, which can improve the evaporation performance of the evaporator in the absence of light. Effects of filling ratio and arrangement of metal foam on heat transfer and evaporation are analyzed. When the filling ratio is 50% and the metal foam is arranged in a well-shaped pattern, the evaporation performance is optimal. The evaporator with composite heat storage unit prepared in this paper has an integrated structure. It can compensate for the intermittency of solar energy and provide opportunities for the continuous and stable evaporation of water driven by solar energy.
  
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  A Correlated k-distribution Model Based on Multi-Band Fusion Network

  WANG Qianwen, WU Jiawen, ZHANG Biao, XU Chuanlong, LI Jian

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1294-1300.

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  A multi-band fusion neural network model was proposed for predicting CO in a segmented manner, focusing on the gas radiation characteristics of CO₂  and water vapor mixtures. This model divides the target band into several continuous sub-bands and integrates the individual networks trained on each sub-band into a single, compact model. This approach allows for flexible and rapid prediction of the absorption coefficient correlation (k) distribution across all sub-bands. The results demonstrate that the maximum Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) of this model on the test set is less than 1.83%, and the prediction time for 40 consecutive subwavelength bands, with a step of 0.1 μm, is approximately 1.3 seconds.
  
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  Study on Flow and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Dehumidification Process in the Suspension Bridge Main Cable

  HE Chen, XU Yang, YIN Hang, ZHENG Zhangjing

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1301-1309.

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  Active dehumidification technology can effectively solve the problem of steel wire corrosion inside the main cables of suspension bridges. When numerical simulation is used to study the dehumidification process of the main cable, the actual structure is difficult to establish due to the number of steel wires in the main cable, so a porous media flow-mass transfer model is proposed in this study. This model considers both loose and tightly bound states with two different stacking states and the phase transition between liquid water and water vapor. Moreover, the effects of the presence of liquid water in the main cable and the velocity on the dehumidification process are analyzed. The results show that the velocity distribution of the main cable cross-section demonstrates a non-uniform phenomenon. The difference between the average velocity in the loose area and the tightly bound area is 64.8%. The dehumidification process is better restored when considering the presence of liquid water inside the main cable. Compared to the model without adding liquid water, the difference in dehumidification time between the two is 95.82%. In addition, the dehumidification time decreases with the increase of wet air velocity. With the air velocity of 0.139 m·s⁻¹ in the main cable, the dehumidification completion time is reduced by 32.5% compared to 0.125 m·s⁻¹, but the resistance increases by 47.45%.
  
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  Experimental Study of a Soft Multi-branch Pulsating Heat Pipe

  KANG Zhanxiao, FAN Jintu

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1310-1315.

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  Soft heat pipes have many potential applications in the thermal management of the human body and flexible electronic devices. However, the flexibility and heat transfer capability of the current soft heat pipes are limited, which cannot meet the requirements for engineering applications. In this work, according to the working principle of a pulsating heat pipe, a soft multi-branch heat pipe was fabricated by Teflon tubes, where acetone was used as the working fluid. As each heat transfer branch could deform independently, the proposed heat pipe exhibited excellent flexibility. Meanwhile, the proposed heat pipe also has high heat transfer performance with the apparent thermal conductivity being up to 4333 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹. Therefore, the proposed soft heat pipe can contribute to the development of thermal management garments, cooling of electronic devices, low-grade waste heat recovery.
  
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  Prediction of Radiation Characteristics of Spherical Microalgae Considering Cell Microstructure

  LI Xingcan, LÜ Jinyuan, LIU Zuodong, XU Zhiming

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1316-1322.

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  A heterogeneous spherical microalgae model was established, and for the first time, the optical constants of microalgae components were used to characterize the optical constants of microalgae cell microstructure. The radiation characteristics of the heterogeneous model were calculated using the multi sphere T-matrix method. The radiation characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris were measured to verify the theoretical calculations. Compared with the homogeneous sphere model based on the equivalent medium theory, the calculation accuracy of the heterogeneous model considering internal microstructure has been improved by 16% in the spectral range of 400∼750 nm, and the scattering phase function is closer to the experimental results. In addition, when determining the optical constants of the model microstructure based on the composition of microalgae, the accuracy of the theoretical calculation of radiation characteristics is much higher than that of microalgae models that use fixed values as optical constants.
  
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  Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Energy Storage Performances of Hybrid Nano-enhanced Phase Change Material Regulated by External Fields

  LI Hexin, JIANG Qiuyi, ZHUANG Yijie

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1323-1328.

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  In response to the reduction of the recycle performance of phase change energy storage system regulated by magnetic field, this paper investigates the coupled influence of ultrasonic cavitation effect, acoustic flow effect and magnetic effect on the performance of magnetic (Fe₃O₄) and non-magnetic (Al₂O₃) hybrid nano-enhanced phase change energy storage system through infrared thermography and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that cavitation effect and acoustic flow effect intensify the heat transfer process, the greater the power, the more noticeable the enhancement, the melting time is reduced by 74% and energy storage efficiency is improved by 1.91 times for 48 W case. Magnetic field promotes melting in the first and middle stages, but inhibits “shrinking solid” regime. The coupled effect of 16 W ultrasonic field and magnetic field could greatly alter heat transfer mechanism, with a very limited change in heat transfer performance compared to 16 W ultrasonic field case, which reduces melting time by 52% and improves energy storage efficiency by 1.72 times.
  
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  Numerical Simulation of Water Absorption Characteristics of MgCl₂ Hydrated Salt Heat Storage Materials Based on DFT and GCMC Methods

  QIAN Zenghui, ZHU Chuanyong, DUAN Xinyue, JIANG Xiao, GONG Liang

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1329-1336.

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  MgCl₂ hydrate salts are regarded as one of the most promising medium and low temperature heat storage materials. It is of great value for the design of efficient thermochemical heat storage systems to study the adsorption of water molecules in the pores of MgCl₂ hydrated salt heat storage materials at the microscale and reveal the intrinsic mass transfer mechanism. In this paper, the molecular geometry of water molecules after adsorption stability on the surface of MgCl₂ crystals was studied based on the DFT method, and the possible adsorption sites were revealed. The results show that the adsorption of water molecules destroys the regular atomic arrangement of the crystal on the surface of MgCl₂, which may create conditions for further adsorption and deliquescent in the future. In addition, based on the GCMC method, the adsorption isothermal curves and concentration distribution of water molecules in the pores of MgCl₂ of different sizes at different temperatures were studied. The results show that temperature and pore size have a significant effect on the water absorption of MgCl₂. When the temperature is greater than 473 K, the size of the pores no longer affects its water absorption performance.
  
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  Influence of Metal Foam Structure on Flow Boiling Characteristics in Minigap Channels Filled With Metal Foams

  ZHU Yu, ZHOU Ruidong, LIU Yunjia, MUBARAK SALISU, WANG Shixue

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1337-1342.

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  The flow-boiling characteristics of a deionized water fluid in a horizontal minigap channels filled with metal foams were experimentally investigated over a wide range of heat fluxes. The metal foams are made of copper with the PPI of 20 or 40 and the porosity of 0.95. The working conditions include the mass flux of 200∼400 kg·m⁻²·s⁻¹, the gap height of 0.5∼2 mm and the heat flux up to 300 W·cm⁻². The experimental results showed that: at low heat fluxes, heat transfer was significantly enhanced by the filled metal foam. At high heat fluxes, the effect of the metal foam in enhancing heat transfer is weakened; the metal foam delays the heat flux required for the onset of nucleation boiling; the heat transfer coefficients of the channels filled with metal foam and the planar channels show the same trend with increasing mass flux. The height of the channels filled with metal foam has an effect on the heat transfer coefficient: at low heat fluxes, the heat transfer coefficient of both the channels filled with metal foam and the planar channels increases with decreasing channel height, and at high heat fluxes, the heat transfer coefficient of the channels filled with metal foam increases with increasing channel height.
  
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  Study on the Impact of Novel Flow Channel Structures With Spherical Obstacles on SOFC Performance

  ZHAO Weiwei, HE Zhenzong, MAO Junkui, LIANG Fengli, WANG Zaixing, FU Yao

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1343-1346.

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  To enhance the performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), a new flow channel with spherical obstacles is proposed and compared with traditional designs. It is concluded that compared with the basic straight channel, the current density of SOFC with rectangular baffles and SOFC with spherical obstacles increases by 6.42% and 7.14%, and the total pressure drop increases by 3.62 times and 2.16 times, respectively. It is thus evident that the new SOFC design proposed in this paper can be used for better overall performance.
  
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  An External Electric Field Enhancing the Mass Transfer and Electricity Generation of Thermally Regenerative Ammonia Batteries

  AN Yichao, SHI Yu, LI Nan, ZHANG Liang, LI Jun, FU Qian, ZHU Xun, LIAO Qiang

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1347-1354.

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  In this paper, the external electric field was used to enhance the material transport and improve the performance of thermal regenerative battery. The effects of different electric field directions and intensities on the performance and efficiency of the battery were studied. The results show that the application of a negative electric field (the electric field from the cathode to the anode) enhances the transmission of cathode reactants and anode products, and the battery performance is improved by 20.8%. After increasing the electric field intensity, it was found that the maximum power, electricity production, energy density and thermal efficiency of the battery continued to decrease, mainly because further increasing the electric field intensity limited the enhancement of the transmission of cathode reactants and anode products, but increased the inhibition of anion transmembrane transmission, resulting in increased ohmic resistance of the battery.
  
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  Experimental Study on Continuous Externally Heated Lowrank Coal Pyrolysis Coupled With Coke Dry Quenching

  LUO Yuanpei, ZHANG Shengping, REN Wenjun, DAI Fei, SUI Jun

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1355-1367.

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  This article developed an externally heated moving bed reactor for lowrank coal pyrolysis, which is coupled with coke quenching in dry method. And we focused on investigating the influence of key factors such as different pyrolysis temperatures (650∼900°C), different coal particle sizes (1∼10 mm, 10∼20 mm, 20∼30 mm), and different coal types (Ordos and Yulin coal) on coal pyrolysis performance in the reactor. The study showed that increasing pyrolysis temperature can effectively improve the heat transfer rate of the reactor, which can promote the secondary reaction of tar and obtain more hydrogen rich pyrolysis gas. Coal with a particle size of 10∼20 mm has excellent heat transfer performance, and coal with this particle size can undergo pyrolysis reactions faster. Ordos low-rank coal has better heat transfer and pyrolysis performance. And this type of coal has no coking property after pyrolysis, so it is more suitable for moving bed reactors. and there is no coking after pyrolysis, making it more suitable for moving bed reactors. Under the optimized conditions mentioned above, a continuous 10 hours pyrolysis experiment was conducted on the moving bed reactor with dry quenching. Research has shown that the pyrolysis performance of moving beds is basically consistent with that of fixed beds. And the products of continuous pyrolysis have excellent stability, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed device.
  
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  Effect of SrTiO₃ on the Performance of Chemical Looping Catalytic Combustion of Copper Oxygen Carriers

  ZHANG Xue, LIU Xianyu, ZOU Guangsheng, ZHENG Chaohe, MA Jinchen, ZHAO Haibo

  Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2025, 46(4): 1368-1377.

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  Chemical looping catalytic combustion is a combustion technology that combines oxygen carriers and catalysts to achieve low-cost, high-efficiency, and low-emission combustion. In this paper, we use copper ore and copper ore loaded with SrTiO₃ catalyst as oxygen carriers, and CH₄ and Pingdingshan coal as fuels, to conduct Chemical looping catalytic combustion experiments in a fluidized bed reactor. We study the reaction performance under different conditions. The results show that the copper ore loaded with SrTiO₃ catalyst exhibits higher reaction activity and anticoking ability in the Chemical looping catalytic combustion process of CH₄ and Pingdingshan coal, and can effectively improve the conversion rate and CO₂ selectivity of CH₄ and Pingdingshan coal, while maintaining good cyclic stability. This work provides a new idea and method for using copper ore as an oxygen carrier to achieve low-cost, high-efficiency, and low-emission Chemical looping catalytic combustion.