Chinese

工程热物理学报

Journal of Engineering Thermophysics

31 December 2025, Volume 47 Issue 1
    

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  • Adjustments and Revisions in Application Code, Research Directions, and Keywords for the Energy and Power Engineering & Engineering Thermophysics Discipline of National Natural Science Foundation of China
    GUAN Yonggang, CHEN Longfei, ZHOU Tian, GU Haiming, DU Kun, DU Qiang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 1-5.
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    In 2025, the discipline of Energy and Power Engineering & Engineering Thermophysics (formerly known as Engineering Thermophysics and Energy Utilization) of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) adjusted the application codes. Additionally, the discipline reviewed and updated the research directions and keywords under the new application code structure. Similar directions were merged; inappropriate directions were deleted; emerging directions were added, and keywords were also refined, which make the application code structure and revised research directions and keywords more comprehensive and reasonable. The connotation and extension of the discipline have been further clarified through this revision, which will facilitate the application and management of NSFC projects in the Energy and Power Engineering & Engineering Thermophysics discipline. 
  • Advances in Process Heat Integration Management for Low/Zero Carbon Hydrogen Production Technologies
    LÜ Yanlong, LIU Feng, SUI Jun
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 6-18.
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    Hydrogen energy, as a low-carbon, clean, and high-energy-density secondary energy source, can help reduce fossil fuel usage and is crucial for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Current hydrogen production methods using water, methanol, and methane effectively reduce dependence on coal, making them key for low/zero carbon hydrogen production. The hydrogen production process involves converting materials and energy, with key focus areas being energy consumption, conversion efficiency, carbon emissions, and cost. This paper reviews three low/zero carbon hydrogen production technologies, highlights progress in thermal integration management of hydrogen production systems and discusses the issues and challenges of each technology. It also outlines future development directions, offering new ideas to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption in low/zero carbon hydrogen production systems.
  • The Integration and Optimization of Integrated Energy System Based on Waste Heat Recovery From Data Centers
    HONG Xinran, KE Bingbing, LI Yuanyuan
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 19-27.
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    During the operation of a data center, there is a huge amount of low-grade waste heat. Improving the energy grade of the waste heat in the data center is an important way to save energy and reduce emissions. In this paper, a traditional air-cooled data center is taken as the research object, and an operation model of an integrated energy system for improving the energy grade of the waste heat in the air-cooled data center with new energy is constructed. The performance of the integrated energy system in different periods is evaluated, and the energy consumption and economic cost of the data center without waste heat recovery are compared to verify the superiority of the integrated energy system model after waste heat recovery. The integrated energy system is optimized with the primary energy savings rate, annual cost savings rate, and CO2 emission reduction rate as the objectives. The results show that, compared with the traditional cooling system of the data center, the annual cost of the optimized integrated energy system decreases by 4.38%, the primary energy savings rate is 23.74%, and the CO2 emission reduction rate is 29.99%.
  • Energy Analysis Research on Photothermal Synergistic Catalytic Degradation of HFC-134a
    TAO Yuanzhe, WANG Tianhao, DAI Xiaoye, SHI Lin
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 28-34.
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    With the proposal of the “dual carbon” goals, the replacement and destruction of hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) refrigerants, which have a significant impact on global warming, have become critical issues. Photothermal synergistic catalytic degradation, as a low-to-medium temperature catalytic technology, can effectively achieve low-carbon, efficient, and economical degradation of HFC refrigerants. Based on the photothermal synergistic catalytic degradation reaction kinetics model proposed by the research group, this paper conducts an energy analysis of the photothermal utilization process under set conditions. It is found that for a given amount of available light, there exists an optimal concentration ratio and cutoff wavelength that maximize the degradation amount. Additionally, the exergy losses in various stages of the system are analyzed.
  • Controller Parameter Optimization for SCR Denitration System Based on Double Delay Depth Deterministic Strategy Gradient Algorithm
    SUI Shaoyong, WU Zhenlong, LIU Yanhong, LI Donghai
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 35-45.
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    The denitration system has strong nonlinearity, large hysteresis and other characteristics, and faces the problem of unsatisfactory control performance under environmental pressure. This article proposes a combined control strategy based on the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3PG) algorithm and PID for the strong nonlinearity of denitrification models. By designing the neural network structure and reward function of TD3PG algorithm, PID parameters are optimized to achieve real-time adjustment of parameters in simulation. Compared with classical PID, active disturbance rejection control and fuzzy active disturbance rejection control, the simulation results show that the proposed TD3PG-PID has the fastest tracking effect, making the system fast and stable, and also has satisfactory control effects under uncertain conditions, with strong robustness.
  • Techno-economic Analysis and Operation Optimization of Thermal Power Units Coupled With Molten Salt Heat Storage
    WEI Le, ZHOU Jiajun, ZHANG Yi, FANG Fang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 46-58.
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    With the increase in the proportion of new energy power generation, thermal power units have gradually changed from the main power supply to the auxiliary service power supply. This paper proposes a coupling scheme of molten salt heat storage system for a 660 MW supercritical thermal power unit, which uses the main steam to heat the cold molten salt for heat storage and uses the hot molten salt to heat part of condensate for heat release. Based on the off-design model, the unit technical and economic indicators are analyzed with respect to variations in molten salt mass flow rate and high temperature, and a multi-objective optimization problem with whole process thermal efficiency and net profit as indicators is constructed and solved using the beluga whale algorithm to obtain optimal molten salt parameters. It is found that under the optimal operating parameters obtained through the Pareto method, the peak shaving depth during the heat storage and release process are 12.50% and 7.29%, respectively, and the corresponding whole process thermal efficiency and net profit are 38.18% and 205 million dollars, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the proposed optimization method can better meet current needs in providing peak shaving and frequency regulation auxiliary services.
  • Simulation Study of a Novel High-Temperature Heat Exchanger for Free-Piston Stirling Electric Generators in High-Power Applications
    JIN Qingyue, LUO Jing, SUN Haojie, WANG Haitao, CHEN Yanyan, YU Guoyao, LUO Ercang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 59-69.
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    Addressing the challenge of heat exchange between the external heat source and the working fluid for free-piston Stirling electric generators (FPSG) in high-power applications exceeding 10 kW, this paper introduces a novel high-temperature heat exchanger structure suitable for the external heat source, such as molten salts, liquid metals, etc. And simulations and optimizations are conducted to evaluate the heat exchange characteristics of the generator coupled with liquid sodium as the external heat source. Based on helium heat transfer characteristic of the generator, the effects of different channel structures, inlet and outlet tubes, and types of heat source on the heat transfer as well as the uniformity of the circumferential flow rate in the sodium side flow of the HHX were investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Finally, the effect of the axial temperature gradient in HHX on the FPSG output performance is investigated. Calculated results show that when the inlet flow rate of liquid sodium metal is 0.7 kg/s (corresponding to a Reynolds number of 6697 in the HHX channel), the optimized structure reduces the pressure drop across the liquid sodium from 10.32 kPa to 4.18 kPa, the convective heat transfer coefficient is increased from 32.41 kW/(m2·K) to 34.46 kW/(m2·K), and the mass flow rate distribution of the HHX channels is more even, the number of channels in the range of 0.01∼0.02 kg/s accounts for 75% of the total number of channels. It is also noteworthy that the HHX experiences an axial temperature gradient; a positive temperature gradient can elevate the thermoelectric efficiency of the generator from 28.01% to 28.15% in comparison to a negative temperature gradient.
  • Study on the Integration of Biomass Heating System in a Greenhouse in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Climate Zone
    LIU Lifang, ZHAO Jialong, ZHOU Ziyun, HUANG Tao, LI Hongqiang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 70-81.
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    To meet the indoor heat load demand of greenhouse in hot summer and cold winter climate zones, as well as to utilize biomass resources such as agricultural straw, the author proposes an integrated method for greenhouse heating system using agricultural straw as the primary energy input. To explore the thermal performance and feasibility of the heating system, research is conducted from two levels: numerical modeling and experimental verification. Firstly, establish a theoretical analysis model based on the CFD platform, and then build a full-scale experimental platform. The research results indicate that compared to traditional greenhouses without heating systems, the average air temperature inside the experimental greenhouse increased by 4.7°C, and the average soil surface temperature increased by 8.2°C. Secondly, based on the integration mechanism and method of this system, the influence regularity of key integration parameters was studied. The research results showed that the optimal system key design parameters were: flue gas control temperature of 50°C; The buried pipeline is De63 PE pipeline; The buried depth of the pipeline network is 50 cm, the spacing between buried pipes is 40 cm, and the velocity of flue gas inside the pipes is 3 m·s−1; The thickness of the insulation layer used for regulating ground temperature and temperature is 3 cm.
  • Investigation on Multi-scale Modeling and Thermal Environment Prediction of Data Center
    WANG Ningbo, GUO Yanhua, TIAN Bo, YU Hongxin, SHAO Shuangquan
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 82-93.
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    Studying the thermal environment and temperature distribution in the data center (DC) is critical to responding to emergencies. In this paper, we propose a method that combines multiscale collaborative modeling with deep learning for thermal prediction of air-cooled DC. By using the simulation results of parent model as the boundary conditions of child model, a DC multiscale simulation model is constructed, which greatly reduces the complexity of the model and the consumption of computing resources. Based on the experimental data, the models of different scales are verified respectively. The effects of different cooling strategies, supply air temperature and flow rate on thermal environment were analyzed. The data set for training data-driven models is constructed based on parametric simulation method, and a neural network model for predicting the maximum temperature of chips is proposed, and the hyperparameters of the neural network are optimized by Bayesian optimization method. The model prediction results of coupled multi-scale model and deep learning show that the absolute error is controlled within ±0.1 K, and the model determination coefficient is 0.9899. The results of this paper provide new insights for the study of air-cooled DC thermal management, and provide theoretical guidance for safer, more efficient and flexible operation of DC.
  • Heat Transfer Analysis and Experimental Study of a kW-level Opposed Free-Piston Stirling Generator
    TENG Guang, AN Ruifeng, SUN Yanlei, HU Jianying, LUO Ercang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 94-101.
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    As an efficient external combustion engine, the free-piston Stirling generator (FPSG) has gained favor due to its wide applicability in heat source usage and high-power density. Consequently, the thermal coupling technology between the high-temperature end of the free-piston Stirling generator and the available heat source has become a focal point of research. Relevant research is carried out on a kW-level opposed FPSG prototype in this paper. First, through CFD simulations, we compared and analyzed the performance differences between using liquid metal lithium as the heat transfer fluid and using an electrically heated copper block for equivalent heat transfer. Subsequently, a kW-level free-piston Stirling power generation system was constructed. The electric heating rods and a copper block were used to simulate the heat transfer process of between lithium fluid and the high-temperature end of the free-piston Stirling engine, we conducted experiments and compared the results with CFD simulation data. The results indicate that the two heat transfer methods can achieve similar heat transfer effects. When the heat source temperature is 639.5°C, the actual output electrical power exceeds 2 kW, achieving a thermoelectric conversion efficiency of up to 33%. Furthermore, the feasibility of the practical application of lithium fluid in free-piston Stirling power generation system was demonstrated through lithium fluid heating experiment.
  • Research on the Total Pressure Fluctuation Modeling of IGV Wake
    PENG Wei, LI Xuesong, GU Chunwei, LI Yan
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 102-107.
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    In order to quickly calculate the excitation caused by IGV blade wake turbulence fluctuation, aiming at the forced vibration of the first stage rotor blade at resonant speed, this paper carried out a modeling study on the excitation source of the compressor rotor blade, and explored the mechanism of IGV wake turbulence fluctuation. Through theoretical derivation and LES method, the relationship between total pressure fluctuation, velocity fluctuation and static pressure fluctuation was established, and the fluctuation factors were further defined by parameters such as time-average  Reynolds stress. The IGV wake turbulence total pressure fluctuation model based on time-average Reynolds stress was proposed, and the amplitude prediction of wake turbulence total pressure fluctuation in a wide frequency range was realized. The accuracy and applicability of the model are verified by the LES results, and the inlet boundary conditions are provided for the calculation of the excitation force caused by the turbulence fluctuation of the IGV blade wake.
  • Flow Field and Aerodynamic Performance of an Variable Compressor Linear Cascade With a Partial Radial Gap
    ZHANG Yimin, CHEN Shaowen, ZENG Cong, ZHENG Longye
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 108-117.
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    Under Mach number 0.22, wind tunnel experiment was conducted to measure the outlet plane of a compressor variable stator vane linear cascade. Oil-flow visualization was applied to seize the flow structure. The results showed that the tip clearance leakage vortex squeezed the passage vortex towards the middle of the flow passage and enlarged the size of corner separation, which increased the total pressure loss coefficient by 16.3%. After suction flow control method was applied in the partial radial gap, the loss was reduced by 6.1% with a suction rate of 0.22%. The result of oil-flow visualization showed that a new separation line occurred downstream the suction hole, which made the beginning point of tip leakage vortex separation line move downstream. In turn, the development of the leakage vortex was delayed and the loss was suppressed.
  • Research on Quantitative Analysis Method of Centrifugal Compressor Aerodynamic Loss Source
    LI Zhaoxin, YI Weilin, LIU Liangye, DENG Haitao
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 118-131.
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    Based on the entropy generation theory, this study employs three-dimensional numerical simulations combined with analysis of flow physical mechanisms to quantitatively investigate the loss sources in centrifugal compressors. The Radiver and HECC centrifugal compressors are taken as research objects to systematically analyze their internal loss composition and distribution characteristics. The results indicate that as the mass flow decreases, the proportion of impeller loss in the total loss increases significantly, rising from 20%∼30% at near-choke conditions to 50%∼60% at near-stall conditions. Within the impeller, losses are predominantly concentrated in the near-shroud region, accounting for approximately 50% of the total impeller loss, while the impeller outlet and near-blade regions are identified as secondary loss sources. In the HECC compressor, the impeller losses are mainly attributed to boundary layer and tip leakage flow losses, followed by wake loss, with shock loss contributing relatively little. At high flow conditions, the diffuser loss becomes the most prominent. This paper also compares two loss partitioning methods: one based on geometric regions and the other on physical mechanisms. Although the geometric partitioning method is intuitive, it suffers from coupling multiple loss mechanisms. In contrast, the physical partitioning method can effectively trace loss origins and quantify their contributions, thereby providing a theoretical basis and methodological support for the aerodynamic optimization of compressors.
  • Investigations on the Effect of Load Distribution on the Corner Separation of High Subsonic Axial Compressor Cascade
    WANG Yi, LI Yuping, YANG Zan, WANG Zerong, ZHOU Chuangxin
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 132-142.
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    Corner separation is a typical secondary flow phenomenon in the compressors, which will lead to a significant reduction in the efficiency or even stall of the compressor in severe conditions. In this paper, based on the prototype of a high-subsonic compressor cascade V103-B, we used a modeling method which can quantify the cascade load distribution to adjust the curvature of the suction surface profiles to obtain compressor cascades with different loading distribution coefficients, and explored the effect of the load distribution on the performance and the corner separation. The results showed that front-loaded cascade could significantly enhance the performance of the cascade and restrain the corner separation. At the loading distribution coefficient of 1.16, the corner separation was significantly reduced, the concentrated shedding vortex was restrained as well, and the total pressure loss coefficient was reduced by 19.6%.
  • Study on the Control Mechanism of Chamfered Blade Tip Structure on the Axial Clearance Leakage Flow of Liquid-ring Pump
    GUO Guangqiang, GUO Dongliang, ZHANG Renhui, WANG Jisheng, CHEN Xuebing, JIANG Lijie
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 143-151.
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    The pressure distribution in the gas region of the liquid-ring pump is high pressure at the exhaust side and low pressure at the suction side. Under the action of the pressure difference, the gas medium leaks at the axial tip clearance of the impeller. The spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the complex clearance leakage flow lead to the reduction of the efficiency and operation stability of the pump. Aiming at this problem, the passive flow control method of chamfered blade tip is proposed to control the axial clearance leakage flow of liquid-ring pump, and the control effect and influence mechanism of chamfered blade tip on the axial clearance leakage flow of liquid-ring pump are explored. The results show that compared with the original flat blade tip, the inlet vacuum of the chamfered blade tip liquid-ring pump increases by 1000 Pa, and the efficiency increases by 0.3 percentage points under the condition of inlet mass flow of 0.03kg/s. The control effect of the chamfered blade on clearance leakage flow is closely related to the intensity of leakage flow. When the weak leakage flow passes through the chamfered blade, the induced vortex cannot be formed near the chamfered cavity, and it flows directly along the chamfered section to the downstream flow passage, resulting in leakage deterioration. When the leakage flow is enhanced, the induced vortex structure is generated at the tip of the chamfered blade, and its interaction with the clearance leakage flow will consume the energy of the leakage flow, thereby inhibiting the development of the leakage flow to the downstream flow passage and exerting a positive control effect. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for the performance optimization of liquid-ring pumps and the engineering application of chamfered tips in liquid-ring pumps.
  • Review on Bed Temperature Deviation of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler
    SONG Xiaotong, LI Zhenggui, LIU Shouchun, HAN Bing, JIAO Yanxiong, WU Wenbin
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 152-159.
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    As an efficient and clean combustion technology, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers have been widely adopted in modern thermal power plants. However, bed temperature deviation poses significant challenges to boiler operation by adversely affecting combustion efficiency, operational safety, and environmental performance. This study systematically investigates the fundamental mechanisms, causative factors, and mitigation strategies of bed temperature deviation through comprehensive analysis of critical operational parameters including air flow distribution characteristics, bed pressure regulation patterns, and cyclone separator configurations. The results demonstrate that optimized adjustments of operational parameters combined with strategic modifications to the material circulation system can effectively alleviate temperature non-uniformity. Future research should focus on improving the accuracy of detection and control technologies, in-depth study of influencing factors under different working conditions, comprehensive optimization strategies considering multiple factors, and development of standardized improvement schemes suitable for CFB boilers of different types and capacities. This work provides theoretical insights and practical guidelines for enhancing CFB boiler performance, contributing to the sustainable development of advanced clean coal technology in the energy sector.
  • Experimental Study on the Recovery of Near Wake of Wind Turbine With Heart-shaped Tip Vane
    NIU Ruiqi, DONG Xueqing, ZHANG Liru, GAO Zhiying, WANG Jianwen, GUO Xu
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 160-167.
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    In this paper, a heart-shaped small wing is designed for wake flow experiments. By comparing with the wake flow experiments of the V-shaped small wing that has been designed and tested by the research group, the wake deficit conditions of two different small wings are compared. In this paper, a low-frequency PIV system is used for wind tunnel tests. Two model horizontal axis wind turbines are arranged in series, and the upstream wind turbine has the same small wing. The changes in the wake flow field of the downstream wind turbine with different small wings are explored respectively. Considering the changes in the spacing between two wind wheels and the different small wing structures of the downstream wind turbine, the influences of the small wing and the wind wheel spacing on the tip vortex, axial velocity and turbulence intensity of the downstream wind turbine are comprehensively analyzed, and the mechanism of wake loss is revealed. The experimental results show that in the 2D and 3D cases, the influence of the small wing structure plays a leading role in causing changes in wake loss compared to the wind wheel spacing. However, in the case of large spacing (4D), the main factor causing the changes in the downstream wake of the wind turbine is distance. The change in wake velocity deficit is determined by the characteristics of the wake field, and the characteristics of the wake field are jointly determined by the development distance and the small wing.
  • Optimal Design of the Diffuser and Inlet Box of Axial Flow Fans for Livestock Farming
    XIA Lezhi, QI Wenchuang, WU Yonghui, LI Jingyin
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 168-177.
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    The diffuser cylinder and inlet box of axial-flow fans for livestock farming have a significant impact on the performance of the fans, yet there has been little research on this so far. Based on the simulation of the whole flow fields of the fans, this study first optimizes the diffuser cylinder using maximum static pressure efficiency as the objective function. Subsequently, under static pressure constraints, the inlet box is optimized with the aim of maximizing inlet flow rate. Aerodynamic performance analysis reveals that after the optimization of the curved diffuser cylinder and inlet box, compared to the initial design, for the optimized fan, at the design static pressure, the flow rate increases by 4.26%, the static pressure efficiency increases by 10.18%, and the energy efficiency ratio rises by 12.6%. At the design flow rate, the static pressure increases by 10 Pa, static pressure efficiency improves by 4.87%, and the energy efficiency ratio rises by 1.74%. The above research shows that the diffuser cylinder and inlet box of axial - flow fans for livestock farming have an obvious impact on the fan performance. It also demonstrates the feasibility of the fast and efficient step - by - step optimization method adopted in this paper.
  • Numerical Study on the Enhancement of Self-driven Mixing in Suspensions of Gyrotactic Microalgae
    JIN Mingjie, DONG Leran, LIU Xin, CAO Wen, GUO Liejin
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 178-188.
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    To precisely regulate the flow distribution of motile microorganisms in bioreactors for high-value product synthesis and to investigate the feasibility of leveraging microbial self-propulsion to enhance mixing dynamics, a bidirectional coupled continuum-discrete model was developed for liquid-solid two-phase systems using the finite volume method. The model explicitly incorporates microbial active motility, wherein swimming orientation is governed by synergistic effects of gravitational torque, ambient vorticity, and Gaussian white noise. Implemented in a quiescent rectangular domain, this framework enables systematic examination of microbial spatial distributions, population parameter evolution, and the emergence of active turbulence within the suspending fluid. Our computational results reveal heterogeneous active patterning phenomena in the suspension, including localized concentration instabilities. Subsequent parametric analysis through phase diagrams elucidates the interdependent relationships between microbial mass fractions and particle Reynolds numbers on system phase behavior. This modeling paradigm establishes a predictive design platform for precise hydrodynamic control in active microbial suspension systems, providing theoretical foundations for optimizing high-density bioprocessing applications.
  • Simulation Study on Drying Characteristics for Wet Coating of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode During Drying Process of Hot Wind
    WANG Jiajun, ZENG Yue, MA Hongqiang, DING Ruixiang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 189-199.
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    A dynamic drying model of heat and mass transfer characteristics for wet coating is established during drying process of hot wind based on multiphysics coupling theory and dynamic mesh methods. The drying model is simplified parallelly to increase computational efficiency and then proved accuracy because its error range is ±15% through research data. Based on the model, the variations of heat and mass transfer characteristics are analyzed for wet coating under different operating parameters during drying process of hot wind. It can be found that with the increase of drying time, the liquid film thickness (LFT) decreases, and its reduction gradient increases with the increase of velocity and temperature significantly. Meanwhile, the pore emptying rate (PER) increases first and then decreases, and its maximum increases with the increase of velocity and temperature significantly. The relative humidity has little impact on drying characteristics of wet coating. Through the above analysis, the drying uniformity of different segmentations is analyzed and compared for wet coating under different operating parameters. Compared with increasing the temperature of hot wind, increasing its velocity has a better effect on improving the drying uniformity of wet coating.
  • Optimization of Droplet Transport on Serial Wedge Pattern Surfaces
    ZHAO Denghui, GUO Yali, LIU Jiawei, GONG Luyuan, SHEN Shengqiang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 200-205.
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    Serial wedge pattern surfaces have important research value in the fields of enhanced condensation and microfluidic control, etc. Due to their ability to transport droplets quickly and over long distances. In this paper, the geometry of serial wedge pattern is optimized. The serial wedge patterns with gradient wedge angle and gradient width difference are designed. Experimental results verified that the optimized patterns improve the droplet transport performance. In order to reducing the pinning resistance when droplets pass through the junctions of serial wedge pattern, the head wedge pattern and the wave pattern are developed, and the experimental results show that both patterns can improve the droplet transport speed. It is experimentally verified that heating the substrate could reduce the viscous resistance of droplet transport, but excessive heating would weaken the driving force.
  • Prediction of Gas-Solid Flow Characteristics in Fuel Reactors Based on Machine Learning
    ZHANG Ran, SUN Liyan, XIAO Rui
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 206-210.
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    Gas-solid flow characteristics are critical for the design and optimization of fuel reactors, which directly impacts fuel utilization efficiency and system stability. A machine learningbased approach is utilized to rapidly predict the gas-solid flow characteristics within the fuel reactor of a chemical looping hydrogen production system. By collecting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results, a dataset for machine learning was constructed. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks were used for model training and achieving high-precision prediction of gas-solid flow behavior. The results demonstrated that the machine learning model can effectively capture the complex nonlinear relationships in gas-solid flows, and significantly reduce computational time. The predictions aligned well with experimental data, and the LSTM network was capable of obtaining time-series evolution results and enabling early prediction. This study provided a new technical approach for the intelligent design and real-time control of fuel reactors, which was with significant engineering application value.
  • Experimental Analysis of the Particle Velocity Evolution of Low-Stokes-number Particle-laden Jet Based on PIV Measurements
    LI Qingzhan, LIANG Zhenjie, LI Yongyao, ZENG Yi, LIU Yufei, JIANG Lei, WANG Wei
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 211-224.
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    To achieve a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the low-Stokes-number particle-laden jet (LSPJ) and conduct further research to enhance the applicability of Taylor’s fluid particle theory to smaller particle jets, an LSPJ experimental bench is established. Six sets of macro- and mesoscale measurement experiments with different initial velocities are carried out utilizing particle image velocimetry (PIV). The instantaneous, average, and fluctuating velocities of LSPJ particles at two scales are obtained, and their evolution laws are compared and analyzed. Based on experimental data and literature, the velocity attenuation of Taylor’s fluid particle theory for smaller particles is predicted. The results demonstrate that the average velocity and fluctuating velocity of particles along the jet centerline display a decay trend that initially increases and then decreases. Due to mixing entrainment and the transition between high and low velocities, the increasing trend of fluctuating velocity at the nozzle exit is more pronounced. Near the nozzle, the average velocity field exhibits a ”cone-shaped” distribution with a larger middle and smaller edges and transition zones, while the fluctuating velocity field is reversed. The predicted values of the Taylor’s fluid particle theory model under different experimental parameters are in good agreement with the experimental values, with a maximum cumulative error of 4.42%. The transverse profile velocity downstream of the jet shows strong self-similarity when x/D is greater than 10. The research results can provide a solid basis for the practical application research of engine spray combustion.
  • Study on the Influence of Pipeline-riser Parameters on the Flow Cut-off Range of Gas-liquid Two-phase Flow
    LIU Tianyu, ZOU Suifeng, WANG Hanxuan, XU Luhan, DU Yaohua, GUO Liejin
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 225-232.
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    In offshore oil and gas transportation, flow cut-off can lead to the growth of liquid plugs, which further leads to dramatic fluctuations in outlet flow rate, resulting in great pressure loss. In this paper, a pipeline-riser system, contains 114 m horizontal pipe, 18.7 m downward pipe and 16.3 m riser, is taken as the research object, and numerical simulation is carried out to study the range of gas-liquid two-phase flow cut-off with different pipeline-riser parameters. The results show that the smaller the downward angle is, the smaller the area where the flow cut-off occurs; under the same pressure at the bottom of the riser, the larger the riser height is, the smaller the separator pressure is, and the larger the area where the flow cut-off occurs. In addition, the prediction model in this paper can derive the critical pipe diameter for the occurrence of flow cut-off under a given flow rate, which provides a theoretical reference for the design of offshore oil and gas mixing pipelines.
  • Investigation on Regulation and Mechanism of Moisture Sorption in Hydrophobic Porous Composite Materials
    SUN Jinhao, JIANG Peixue, XU Ruina
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 233-239.
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    Composite materials are widely applied in industry including vehicle, building and aerospace engineering. The physical properties of the composite materials can be significantly influenced by the adsorbed moisture during service, and potential safety problems may be caused by the coupled heat and moisture transfer inside pores. Therefore, it is of necessity to control the moisture sorption content of composite materials in engineering application. However, the method of regulating moisture sorption in composite materials and its mechanism are still unclear, causing an ambiguity in predicting regulated adsorbed moisture content in different environments. In this paper, siloxanes are used to hydrophobically modified a silica-based composite material, achieving remarkable reduction in adsorbed moisture content of the material. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimental results indicate that moisture exists as discontinuous clusters in hydrophobic pores, revealing the mechanism of vapor diffusion and kinetic adsorption codetermining dynamic sorption in hydrophobic materials. A physical model is developed based on mechanism analysis and the evolutions of moisture content during dynamic sorption in the modified materials are accurately predicted, which provides a basis in regulating and evaluating moisture sorption of composite materials in application.
  • Study on the Dense Granular Flow Regime and Heat Transfer Performance in Moving Beds
    SI Tianyu, GUO Zhigang, CHENG Zhilong, WANG Qiuwang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 240-245.
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    Granular materials are commonly used in industry. As an indirect heat recovery device for high-grade waste heat from granular materials, moving bed heat exchangers are widely applied. However, the dynamic characteristics of granular materials are complex issues, often exhibiting both solid-like and fluid-like behaviors simultaneously. Analyzing the transition of granular flow regimes are crucial for accuarately predicting flow characteristics in moving beds. This study simulate the granular flow around single tubes using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). Particle pulsation and flow separation phenomena in non-uniform cross-section channels are discussed, and solid/liquid/gaslike characteristics under dense and sparse conditions are analyzed. The results indicate that granular flow regimes affect heat transfer performance, with liquid-like states demonstrating optimal heat transfer efficiency.
  • Enhanced Heat Transfer Research in Electrochemical Energy Storage Power Stations
    CHEN Zhifeng, JIA Li, DANG Chao, YIN Liaofei, REN Honglei
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 246-252.
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    To address the significant temperature difference between the upper and lower parts of batteries in the bottom cold plate thermal management system of electrochemical energy storage systems, this paper first analyzed the impact of adding thermally conductive aluminum plates on reducing this temperature disparity. Subsequently, it examined the effects of battery layout and spacing on heat transfer performance. The results indicated that, under a 3C discharge rate, incorporating thermally conductive aluminum plates can decrease the maximum temperature of the battery module by 3.34 K and reduce the temperature difference by 7.37 K. Moreover, the layout with thermally conductive aluminum plates of the same thickness added in both the width and thickness directions of the battery module outperforms the layout with plates of different thicknesses. Based on the degree of reduction in temperature parameters, the temperature in the battery module IX decreased the most, suggesting that when the thickness of the thermally conductive aluminum plate was 12 mm, the heat dissipation effect was optimal.
  • Numerical Study on Condensation Oscillation Process of Injected Steam Bubble From Submerged Vertical Nozzle
    MENG Yi, SONG Shilin, LIU Yiyun, LIU Xipu, NIU Guopin, ZHAO Quanbin, CHONG Daotong
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 253-263.
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    Numerical simulations were carried out using the VOF model and two-resistance phase change model. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of steam bubbles were analyzed under conditions of inlet velocities ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 m·s−1 and water temperatures from 40 to 70°C. It is found that the variation of the neck radius during the bubble pinch-off process can be described by two piecewise power functions, and the power exponent κ2 of the second segment increases significantly from 0.87 to 1.27 with the increase of inlet velocity. At the moment of bubble pinch-off and detachment, intense internal pressure oscillations occur, and the oscillation amplitude and detachment frequency increase with increasing inlet velocity and decreasing water temperature. During the growth and necking stage, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient first increases and then decreases; whereas during the detachment and collapse stage, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient grows exponentially, with the maximum instantaneous value reaching the order of kW·m−2·°C−1. Force analysis of the steam bubble indicates that the pressure difference force and condensation force play a dominant role in bubble oscillation during the necking and pinch-off process. With the increase of inlet velocity and water temperature, the effect of condensation force becomes prominent in the late stage of necking, and its ratio to the pressure difference force increases from 0.6 to 0.8.
  • Numerical Simulation Study of Film Boiling Under Variable Gravity Conditions Based on OpenFoam
    WANG Xin, DENG Aoqian, LIU Jiayu, YU Haitao, LI Bingxi, WANG Wei
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 264-269.
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    With the increase in space missions, the control of membrane boiling under variable gravity conditions is ineffective. To better understand the heat transfer performance and mechanism of membrane boiling under gravity conditions, this paper, based on OpenFoam, couples the VOF method and the Tanasawa phase change model to conduct numerical simulations for membrane boiling under variable gravity. The results show that in low gravity and normal gravity conditions, bubbles are released periodically, while there is no obvious release pattern in hypergravity conditions. As gravity increases, the frequency of bubble detachment increases, effectively suppressing membrane boiling. The accelerated bubble movement enhances convective heat transfer in the gas film layer, thereby improving the surface heat transfer performance. The wall Nusselt number at 5g condition is 2.7 times that of 0.5g.
  • Experimental Study on the Thermal Management Performance of Contact Melting Enhanced by Spring Compression
    SHI Chao, LI Junkai, HUANG Lu, REN Tingting, LIU Peng
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 270-276.
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    Phase change materials (PCM) have shown great potential in thermal management of electronic devices due to their advantages of absorbing a large amount of latent heat during melting and maintaining an approximately constant temperature during phase transition. However, PCM usually has a low thermal conductivity and high thermal resistance, resulting in poor thermal management performance. Pressure assisted contact melting is an effective method to solve this problem. In this study, a spring loaded compact contact melting PCM thermal management device was proposed, and its thermal management performance under different working conditions was investigated through experimental tests, and its thermal management performance was compared with that of devices packaged with pure PCM and porous foam copper composite PCM. The results show that when the heat source heats up, the heat source temperature corresponding to the pure PCM and the foam copper composite PCM device continues to rise with time, while the heat source temperature of the spring loaded PCM heat management device can remain stable after rising to slightly higher than the PCM phase change temperature. When the heat flux is 10000 W/m2, compared with pure PCM and foam copper composite PCM devices, the heat source temperature of spring loaded PCM devices decreases by 30°C and 19°C respectively.
  • Experimental Study on the Effect of Operating Temperature on Mass Transfer in Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell
    LAI Yanchen, WANG Bowen, CHA Sen, DU Qing, JIAO Kui
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 277-283.
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    Direct ammonia fuel cell (DAFC) technology is expected to solve the bottleneck of fuel cell commercialization from the perspective of fuel storage and transportation, and achieving good hydrothermal management is an important topic of DAFC research. Therefore, this study explores the effect of temperature on mass transfer characteristics of DAFC by polarization test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test and fitting. It is found that the electrochemical performance of DAFC is greatly improved with the increase of operating temperature, and its peak power density reaches 28.02 mW·cm−2 at 90°C, which is 3.11 times higher than that at 70°C. The total impedance of DAFC decreases from 3.08 Ω·cm2 at 75°C to 2.42 Ω·cm2 at 90°C, in which the mass transfer impedance changes most significantly that decreases by 0.582 Ω·cm2. However, for the mass transfer process in the anode diffusion electrode, the same change of temperature increases the mass transfer impedance by about 0.4 Ω·cm2, which indicates that the two-phase flow of DAFC become more complex at higher temperature. The research results can make up for the blank of DAFC water and thermal management research to a certain extent, and lay the foundation for subsequent research. 
  • Probing the Transient Gas-phase Species Concentration Field of Evaporating Droplets by Mach-Zehnder Interferometry
    LIU Chengqing, WU Junjun, ZHU Xun, LIAO Qiang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 284-291.
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    Droplet evaporation is one of the most ubiquitous, fundamental and important physical processes, while direct experimental observation of the dynamic gas-phase species concentration field remains a long-standing challenge. In this study, the laser holographic interference method was adopted to probe the gas-phase concentration field around the evaporating binary ethanol-water droplets, and to inspect the agglomeration process of the glycol-water droplets. It has been found that the evaporation rate and the gas-phase concentration field varied by the components of droplets significantly, and the resulting concentration gradient is the main cause for the spontaneous agglomeration of the binary droplets. This work provides a new way to probe the transient evaporation characteristics of droplet systems for this time, and thus opens up new possibilities to explore more complex behavior of the multi-component droplet systems.
  • Near-field Radiative Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gradient Isotope Doped Plates
    YUAN Weizhe, CUI Guicheng, ZHOU Chenglong, YI Hongliang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 292-300.
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    This paper investigate the near-field radiation characteristics between gradient isotopedoped plates. In comparison to isotope-enriched homogeneous media, gradient isotope-doped media have been demonstrated to enhance near-field radiative heat transfer and exhibit internal absorption peaks at small gap size. In addition, it is found that for systems with increasing mass along the thickness direction, the heat transfer is first enhanced and then weakened with increasing thickness of the gradient layer. While the systems with decreasing mass along the thickness direction show a tendency of first weakening, then enhancing and then weakening, showing different dependencies. This work also reveals that an increase in isotope scattering can enhance heat transfer at larger gradient layer thicknesses. This paper serves as a guide for the application of isotope engineering in thermal management.
  • Research Advances and Prospects of Fire Spread in Forest Discrete Fuels
    TAN Zhiran, LEI Jiao
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 301-316.
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    Forest fuels are typical discrete fine fuel particles, and the air gaps between fuel elements significantly affect the fire spread behavior In this paper, discrete fuels were defined based on the characteristics of forest combustibles. In addition, the previous research works were reviewed by focusing on the effects of fuel spacing, fuel bed width, fuel length, bulk density, packing ratio, wind speed, and slope angle on the fire spread behavior of discrete fuels. The critical criteria, the heat transfer mechanisms and the prediction models of fire spread on discrete fuel under horizontal and inclined terrains, and wind conditions were summarized. Finally, further research directions were proposed.
  • Study on Laser Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of RP-3 Aviation Kerosene Single Droplet
    LÜ Senlin, YI Yang, GUO Xiaoyang, HU Erjiang, YIN Geyuan, HUANG Zuohua
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 317-325.
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    In this paper, laser ignition experiments of RP-3 aerospace kerosene single droplets were carried out under static atmospheric pressure using the vertical hanging drop method, and images of flame development and droplet diameter change were obtained using a high-speed camera. The effects of different initial diameters (1.35, 1.42, 1.51, 1.56 mm) and laser ignition energies on the laser ignition and combustion characteristics of single droplets of paraffin were investigated. The results show that the droplet combustion is divided into three stages with two micro-explosions. Under the same laser ignition parameters, as the droplet diameter increases, the droplet ignites faster, the ignition delay time shortens, the normalized combustion time shortens, the droplet combustion rate Kc increases, and the rate in the later stage of combustion is much higher than the evaporation rate in the early stage. Change the laser ignition parameters, fix the laser output time, and change the proportion of laser output intensity. As the laser output intensity increases, for droplets of the same diameter, the time required to ignite the droplet laser is shortened, the ignition delay is shortened, and the normalized combustion time is shortened.
  • Experimental Study on the Desulfurization Performance of Calcium-Based Desulfurizer Blended With Sludge
    GAO Yi, LI Guanlong, WANG Haiming, YOU Changfu
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 326-333.
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    To improve desulfurization efficiency and achieve comprehensive utilization of sludge, this study proposes a novel method involving the participation of sludge in the lime hydration process. In the research, circulating ash was used as a carrier to prepare high-specific-surface-area desulfurization agents, and the influence of sludge addition on the performance of the desulfurization agents was investigated. The results showed that at 900°C, the calcium utilization rate of the lime/circulating ash-supported desulfurization agent was 68.61%, which significantly increased to 96.82% after the addition of sludge. Additionally, the inclusion of sludge increased the specific surface area and pore volume of the desulfurization agent by 66.7% and 39.6%, respectively. Kinetic calculations revealed that the addition of sludge reduced the activation energy of the desulfurization agent in the chemical reaction-controlled stage from 38.43 kJ/mol to 19.59 kJ/mol, significantly enhancing the reaction rate constant and effective diffusion coefficient, thereby exhibiting stronger sulfur capture capability. This study provides a new technological pathway for improving desulfurization efficiency and the comprehensive utilization of sludge, which is expected to play an active role in the field of environmental protection and resource recovery.
  • Natural Ore Carbon Capture and Utilization: Selection of the Optimal Catalyst
    YUE Jiahe, HUANG Pu, ZHAO Chuanwen
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 334-341.
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    In this paper, the performance of four natural ores, limestone, dolomite, calcite and marble, was tested by a combination of SEM, particle size analysis, XRD and ICP techniques. It is demonstrated that limestone and dolomite have high CO2 capture capacity (9.26 mmol·g−1, 9.14 mmol·g−1, respectively) and can effectively convert CO2 to CO (all CO2 conversion rates are greater than 90% at 650°C), with almost 100% CO selectivity. In addition, both ore materials showed excellent stability in cycling, indicating that limestone and dolomite can be used as superior catalysts for ICCU-RWGS, and this finding promotes the development of bifunctional materials in a more economical and environmentally friendly direction.
  • Gas Reaction Characteristics and Kinetic Behavior of Coal Char in Converter Gas
    SONG Weiming, ZHOU Jianan, LI Shu, YANG Jian
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 342-347.
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    In view of the low concentration of combustible gas in converter gas, it is proposed to spray coal char to converter gas to improve the quality of combustible gas. The gas reaction characteristics and kinetic behavior of coal char and CO2 gasification reaction gas were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer and settling furnace. The results show that the temperature corresponding to the maximum weight loss rate of coal char gasification is reduced from 1237°C to 1153°C and the temperature is decreased by 84°C. The contents of CO、H2 and CH4 are increased and the CO2 content is decreased. The activation energy of the gasification reaction decreased from 212 kJ/mol to 191 kJ/mol, and the gasification reaction activity increased, which accelerated the reaction rate, shortened the reaction time, and further reduced the energy required for the reaction. The feasibility of improving the quality of flammable gas is verified, which provides a new direction for the optimization of flammable gas quality in converter high temperature gas.
  • Effect of Diluent Gas on the Opposed Flame Spreading Over Electric Wire
    DING Shiyu, MA Yuxuan, GUO Zhengda, HU Longhua
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 348-355.
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    Electrical wire fire is a significant threat to the electrification of modern society. In this paper, the effects of oxygen concentration and diluent gases (CO2, N2, Ar) on the opposed flame spread over low-density polyethylene electric wires were studied for clean-agent fire suppression. The study reveals that, at a given oxygen concentration, the flame spread rate follows the order: CO2 < N2 < Ar. Based on the energy conservation equation, a simplified predictive model for the flame front temperature was developed, establishing correlations between diluent properties and combustion dynamics. The results show that the diluent gases primarily influence the flame front temperature through two thermophysical parameters: molar mass(gas density) and specific heat capacity.
  • Numerical Simulation of NOx Formation During the Combustion of Gas and Semi-char Mixture After Gasification of Bituminous Coal
    LIN Chi, WANG Yibin, WANG Xiaoxiao, TAN Houzhang
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 356-362.
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    Gasification-combustion technology of pulverized coal has advantages in terms of stabilizing combustion and NOx control, but the evolution mechanism of fuel nitrogen at the usage of this mode is still not sufficient. Based on the previous experimental data from that bituminous coal was used in the entrained flow gasification -combustion system, this paper aimed to build up the combustion model and NOx generation model of coal gasification mixture with ANSYS Fluent numerical simulation software. At the same time, the influence of temperature/direction of the secondary air nozzle and NOx concentration in furnace was numerically predicted. The simulation results showed that, When the secondary air temperature was increased to 623 K, the NO emission could be effectively reduced, and the furnace outlet was reduced from 128.2 mg·m−3 to 92.3 mg·m−3. Increasing the deflection Angle of the secondary air incident was beneficial to reduce the peak value in the furnace. However, the overall temperature distribution uniformity became worse, and the NO concentration at the outlet increased to 236.9 mg·m−3.
  • Research on Mercury Removal From Incineration Flue Gas Using Solid Waste-Based Organic Porous Materials
    XU Yifan, LIU Limin, XU Yueqing, ZHANG Qingya, DUAN Yufeng, ZHANG Houhu
    Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. 2026, 47(1): 363-369.
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    This study initiates from plastic waste recycling and mercury removal from flue gas, converting discarded polystyrene into highly porous hyper-crosslinked polymers for mercury capture in flue gas. The hyper-crosslinked polymers possess exceptional porosity and strong hydrophobicity. Low-concentration chemical modifications on the basis of original hyper-crosslinked microporous polymers (HCPs) can enhance the chemical bonding ability to Hg0. FeBr3-HCP exhibits significant mercury removal capabilities under complex flue gas conditions (achieving over 90% mercury removal efficiency within 15 minutes). This work elucidates the interactions between HCP substrates and various active substances, as well as the removal process of gaseous Hg0 on metal and halogen sites. The research expands the pathways for resource utilization of discarded polystyrene and simultaneously advances the technology for controlling gaseous Hg0.

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